Final answer:
In older adults, physiological changes to the gastrointestinal system include taste bud insensitivity, decreased saliva production, reduced gastrointestinal muscle tone, increased occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases, and impaired function of accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
Step-by-step explanation:
As individuals age, their gastrointestinal system undergoes various physiological changes that can affect digestive function. One of the initial changes can be seen in the mouth where taste buds become less sensitive, making food less appealing. Additionally, issues with teeth and gums, along with a reduction in saliva production, can make chewing and swallowing difficult.
Moving down the digestive tract, the strength and tone of the gastrointestinal musculature decline, slowing down the movement of food which can result in constipation. Furthermore, the nervous system's reduced ability to regulate digestive processes diminishes neurosensory feedback, affecting the release of digestive enzymes and hormones. As a result, older adults may experience a range of digestive problems, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and an increased propensity for gastrointestinal diseases like diverticular disease and gallstones.
Accessory organs of digestion also face changes; the liver and pancreas may not function optimally, leading to issues like jaundice, acute pancreatitis, cirrhosis, and the development of gallstones. These physiological alterations can reduce the efficiency with which digestive enzymes and bile are delivered to the small intestine, impacting digestion and absorption. Additionally, the aging process is associated with systemic changes such as increased susceptibilities to non-digestive diseases such as heart disease, respiratory conditions, and impaired immune function.