Final answer:
The membrane attack complex (MAC) forms a hole in the pathogen's plasma membrane, causing it to lyse. The complement cascade also attracts phagocytic cells to the site of infection and opsonizes pathogens for phagocytosis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The membrane attack complex (MAC) is formed by the last five proteins in the complement cascade: C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9. These proteins come together to create a hole in the pathogen's plasma membrane, allowing water to rush in and causing the pathogen to lyse. This mechanism is especially effective against a broad range of bacteria.
Furthermore, the complement cascade plays a role in inflammation by attracting phagocytic cells to the site of infection. Smaller fragments of the complement cascade, such as C3a and C5a, act as chemotactic agents and stimulate inflammation.
In addition, surface-bound C3b opsonizes pathogens, making them more attractive for phagocytosis and destruction by phagocytic cells.