Final answer:
Annealing is a process of prolonged heating that makes copper more malleable. To calculate the energy range needed to raise the temperature of copper from room temperature to the annealing temperature range, use the specific heat capacity of copper.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of annealing involves prolonged heating of a material to make it more malleable. In the case of copper, annealing helps it bend more easily. The annealing temperature for a species is usually at least half of its melting temperature, but no more than three-quarters. To calculate the energy range needed to raise the temperature of 100.0 lbs of copper from room temperature to the annealing temperature range, we need to use the specific heat capacity of copper.
- First, convert the mass of copper from pounds to grams using the conversion factor 1 lb = 453.592 g.
- Then, use the equation Q = mcΔT, where Q is the energy, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
- Substitute the values into the equation to find the energy range.
For example, if the annealing temperature range for copper is between 1000°C and 1500°C, and the specific heat capacity of copper is 0.385 J/g·°C, you can calculate the energy range by following these steps:
- Convert the mass of copper from pounds to grams: 100.0 lbs × 453.592 g/lb = 45359.2 g.
- Calculate the energy range using the equation Q = mcΔT:
Energy range = (45359.2 g) × (0.385 J/g·°C) × (1500°C - room temperature).
Convert the result to kJ by dividing it by 1000.
Keep in mind that the specific heat capacity of copper may vary slightly depending on the temperature range, so it's important to use the appropriate value for the given temperature range.