Final answer:
Codeine is an opioid that is converted into morphine in the body. It is used for mild to moderate pain relief and as a cough suppressant. Common adverse effects include drowsiness, constipation, and respiratory depression.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mechanism of action:
Codeine is an opioid that acts as a prodrug, meaning it is converted into its active form, morphine, in the body. Once converted, morphine binds to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception and response to pain.
Clinical use:
Codeine is used for the relief of mild to moderate pain, and it is also sometimes used as a cough suppressant. It can be prescribed alone or in combination with other pain relievers.
Adverse effects:
Common adverse effects of codeine include drowsiness, constipation, and nausea. Codeine can also cause respiratory depression, especially in high doses or when combined with other respiratory depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines. It may also lead to physical dependence and addiction if used improperly or for a prolonged period of time.