Question

Who developed the theory that personality and human behavior are based on four temperament

Answer 1

Hippocrates originally developed the theory of four temperaments linked to bodily humors, which was later refined by Galen. Subsequent contributions were made by Immanuel Kant and Wilhelm Wundt, with the Eysencks integrating temperament into modern personality theory.

Step-by-step explanation:

The theory that personality and human behavior are based on four temperaments was initially developed by Hippocrates around 370 BCE. Hippocrates proposed that personality traits were linked to four bodily fluids, also known as humors: choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile), sanguine (red blood), and phlegmatic (white phlegm). Building upon Hippocrates's work, the Greek physician Galen elaborated on the theory by suggesting that diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in these four humors.

Latter-day developments by Immanuel Kant and Wilhelm Wundt expanded the four temperaments concept, with Kant listing traits associated with each temperament and Wundt proposing two major personality dimensions: emotional/nonemotional and changeable/unchangeable. Moreover, psychologists Hans and Sybil Eysenck pursued the idea that personality is largely governed by biology, defining two personality dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.

Therefore, while modern psychology recognizes the biological basis for temperament, the initial four temperaments theory has its roots in ancient Greek medicine and was most notably developed by Hippocrates and later refined by Galen.

Answer 2

Hippocrates theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with four fluids (“humors”) of the body: choleric temperament (yellow bile from the liver), melancholic temperament (black bile from the kidneys), sanguine temperament (red blood from the heart)