Final answer:
Chronic use of NSAIDs such as aspirin and ibuprofen is a key factor in ulcer development. Tobacco smoking and stress may contribute to ulcers but their direct role is unclear, and diet, once a suspected factor, is now considered less relevant.
Step-by-step explanation:
Besides H. pylori, there are other suppressors of the intestinal phase that can promote the development of ulcers. A common cause is the chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like aspirin and ibuprofen. These medications can interfere with the stomach's mucosal barrier, leading to increased risk of ulcer formation.
Although lifestyle factors such as tobacco smoking and stress were once implicated in the development of peptic ulcers, their direct role is not firmly established and requires further investigation beyond the influence of H. pylori infection. Moreover, dietary habits, including the consumption of spicy foods, coffee, and alcohol, once thought to contribute to the development of peptic ulcers, are no longer considered significant risk factors based on current medical evidence.
Understanding the different factors that contribute to the breakdown of the mucosal barrier is crucial for preventing and managing peptic ulcers, especially given the prevalence of factors like NSAID usage and the complexities associated with H. pylori infection, including antibiotic resistance and potential cancer risks.