Final answer:
Calcaneal arterial branches, including the medial and lateral plantar arteries, originate from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries, supplying the medial and lateral plantar surfaces of the foot, respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
The calcaneal arterial branches arise from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries.
Specifically, the medial plantar artery and the lateral plantar artery are the branches that come off the posterior tibial artery and are responsible for supplying blood to the plantar surfaces of the foot.
The medial plantar artery supplies blood to the medial plantar surfaces, while the lateral plantar artery supplies blood to the lateral plantar surfaces of the foot.