Final answer:
People check more frequently if a reward is perceived to be delivered randomly with no cost to check, exemplified by a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, like that used by slot machines. This schedule makes behaviors far more likely to continue as opposed to predictable reward schedules. The correct option is b.
Step-by-step explanation:
Studies have found that if a reward is perceived to be delivered randomly and with no cost to check, people will check more frequently. This is because the unpredictability of the reward increases engagement through a psychological concept known as a variable ratio reinforcement schedule.
This type of schedule reinforces behavior after an unpredictable number of responses, which is highly effective in maintaining high levels of response.
For example, slot machines reward gamblers with money according to a variable ratio schedule, causing gamblers to play far more likely than they would on a machine that rewards them on predictable schedules.
It is important to note that if people constantly received rewards for behavior, they would become far less likely than otherwise to continue the behavior when the rewards cease. Similarly, if a reward is expected but not received as often as anticipated, individuals are slightly less likely than expected to continue checking for it.
Random reinforcement can also lead to behaviors such as superstitious or ritualistic activities, as observed in studies of animals that learn to seek out bait, where an underestimate of population size would tend to be observed due to animals repeatedly checking locations where they have previously found food. The correct option is b.