Final answer:
In Canada East during the 19th century, the predominant industries were agriculture and lumber, making c) Agriculture and lumber the correct answer to the student's question.
Step-by-step explanation:
The biggest industries in Canada East, particularly in the 1850s, were primarily engaged in agriculture and lumber. This period was characterized by a strong emphasis on tapping into the abundant natural resources that the region had at its disposal. While there was significant activity in industries such as fishing, shipbuilding, mining, and textiles throughout different regions of Canada, the particular area known as Canada East (now Quebec) had a vibrant agricultural sector coupled with a robust lumber industry.
Further development in the Canadian economy saw the emergence of manufacturing with facilities producing textiles and metal goods. However, with respect to Canada East during the period in question, agriculture and lumber were the predominant sectors, so the correct answer to the question is c) Agriculture and lumber.