Final answer:
The colony with a French-speaking Roman Catholic population was Canada East, which mainly encompasses modern-day Quebec. Despite British control after the French and Indian War, French culture and language have remained prevalent in this region.
Step-by-step explanation:
The colony that had a population of French-speaking Roman Catholics was Canada East. This region corresponds largely to what is now the province of Quebec and was a part of French colonial America prior to the British conquest in 1763. French Canada had been established by the French through a network of settlements, including cities with French names like Montreal, and the population held strong ties to the French language and Catholic faith even after the British took control.
The historical background of Quebec includes the French colonization along the St. Lawrence River Valley and other areas in what is now known as Canada. Despite the British takeover, French culture remained dominant in these regions. In modern times, Quebec still carries a strong French influence, with a significant portion of the population speaking French as their native language and adhering to Roman Catholicism.
The heart of French settlement during the colonial period was indeed in Canada, particularly along the shores of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. Eventually, the British would assert control over these territories, but a significant French-speaking population remained. This aspect of Canadian heritage contributes to the country's bilingual character and cultural diversity, with Quebec reflecting the persistent French influence.