Final answer:
The correct answer to the question about what joy, fear, and anger are types of is 'D. emotions'. Emotions are intense subjective states often brought on by external stimuli, while moods are less intense, prolonged states, and attitudes consist of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question 'Joy, fear, and anger are types of:' with the correct answer being 'D. emotions' falls under the field of Psychology. These are emotions, which are subjective states of being we often refer to as our feelings, which result from a combination of subjective experience, expression, cognitive appraisal, and physiological responses. Emotions differ from moods in their intensity and intentionality, with emotions generally being more intense and often consciously experienced in response to something, whereas moods are less intense, prolonged affective states not necessarily triggered by an external event. On the other hand, attitudes are evaluations or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that can be either positive or negative, comprising cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
Regarding the reference question, 'Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this chapter?', the correct answer would be 'C. melancholy' as it's not considered one of the universally recognized emotions, which include emotions such as contempt and disgust mentioned in the options.