Final answer:
Emotions are complex experiences not fully encompassed by the options provided, involving physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and subjective experiences. The answer to the question is 'E. None of the answers apply.'
Step-by-step explanation:
Emotions are subjective experiences that involve a combination of physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and often a conscious intention or feeling toward an attitude object. They are not simply feelings that are directed at nothing in particular, as stated in option A, nor are they judgments of right or wrong, intentions to act, or clusters of beliefs and assessed feelings about an attitude object alone. The correct definition is more aligned with the integrated experiences and theories proposed by psychologists about emotional experience.
Theories such as the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor theory provide varying perspectives on how emotions form and operate. Furthermore, emotivism, as a philosophical view, considers emotions as predictions that can be constructed based on experiences, challenging the notion that emotions are fixed responses. Therefore, based on the provided information, the answer to the student's question would be 'E. None of the answers apply.'