Final answer:
The question pertains to the components used in various hair perming methods, specifically including ammonium thioglycolate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, and ceramic rods, which chemically or thermally alter the structure of hair.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject question relates to the chemicals and equipment used in hair perming methods. In permanent waving or perming, the key chemical substances and tools include: ammonium thioglycolate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, and ceramic rods.
Ammonium thioglycolate is a reducing agent used to break disulfide bonds in hair, which allows the hair to be molded into new shapes on rollers or curlers. Once the hair has been shaped, an oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide, is applied to reform the disulfide bonds in their new positions.
Sodium hydroxide is another strong alkaline substance often used in chemical hair straightening processes, and it is also known as lye or caustic soda. Finally, ceramic rods are used in digital perm systems, where heat is applied to change hair texture. All these chemical treatments alter the hair's structure until it grows out or is otherwise treated.