Final answer:
The described activity with flashlights and letters is designed to support learning of the alphabetic principle in kindergarten students by helping them associate letters with spoken language sounds.
Step-by-step explanation:
The activity described with the kindergarten teacher using chalk on black construction paper and students using a flashlight to name letters targets the instructional objective of supporting the learning of the alphabetic principle. This principle involves the basic idea that letters and combinations of letters are the symbols used to represent the sounds of spoken language in a systematic and predictable way. By focusing on individual letters and their identification, the students are not directly learning about word sequencing, phonological awareness, or phonics as decoding strategies, which rules out the other options provided.