Final answer:
Aristotle promoted the statement by Pythagoras that all heavenly bodies are spherical, using observations of lunar eclipses and the visibility of stars at different latitudes as evidence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Greek philosopher Aristotle promoted Pythagoras' statement that heavenly bodies are all spherical. In his writings, Aristotle provided several arguments for the sphericity of the Earth which supported the notion of a spherical universe. One of his arguments was based on the observation of lunar eclipses; he noted that Earth cast a circular shadow on the Moon, suggesting a spherical shape. Another argument came from the changing visibility of stars as one moves from north to south, indicating the Earth's curvature.
Pythagoras himself believed that the Earth was spherical due to the philosophical reasoning that the sphere is the most perfect shape, and he thought that celestial bodies followed mathematical laws that expressed cosmic harmony. Furthermore, Hipparchus established the concept of precession but did not directly promote the sphericity of heavenly bodies, while Ptolemy is known for his geocentric model that supported the idea of celestial spheres but did not originate the notion of spherical bodies.