Final answer:
A defendant found guilty of a crime faces a sentence determined by guidelines with various point values. Penalties can range from fines to demerit points, and in severe cases, capital punishment or life imprisonment. Formal sanctions also apply in non-criminal contexts for norm violations, leading to consequences like expulsion or commendations for behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
When a defendant is found guilty of a crime, the judge will issue a sentence based on legal guidelines that often use a point system to determine the severity of the punishment. These points correspond to the seriousness of the crime and any additional relevant facts, such as prior convictions or the presence of aggravating circumstances. The penalties for a specific criminal offense can include fines, demerit points on a driver's license, community service, probation, or incarceration. In some extreme cases, such as capital offenses, a jury may decide if the punishment will be capital punishment or life imprisonment.
Formal sanctions are also used to enforce norm violations within different social structures. For instance, a student who breaches a college's code of conduct could face expulsion, and a worker who violates workplace rules might be fired. Conversely, individuals who exhibit exemplary behavior, such as a soldier who saves a life, may receive official commendations. These sanctions, whether punitive or commendatory, serve as official recognitions of behavior that deviates from established norms.