Final answer:
The process of limiting access to a specific part of a property or building while allowing general access to other parts is known as area protection, which serves as a means of security and can include controlled access, influenced by both historical practices of fortification and modern regulations.
Step-by-step explanation:
When access is widely permitted to most parts of a property or a building but is controlled with respect to a particular part of the property or building, the process of controlling access to that part is referred to as area protection. This security measure involves setting up many small, protected areas within an open environment or selecting one small area that is isolated for tighter security. In history, places like citadel sites employed controlled access for fortification to protect the area's people, particularly during times of warfare. They featured entrance gates and narrow pathways to control access. In modern times, similar principles apply to secure sensitive areas in otherwise public or semi-public spaces such as business buildings or residential complexes. Limits on property rights, such as those concerning zoning regulation, are intended to maintain public health, safety, and welfare while still, at times, permitting designated areas to be utilized for specific purposes or protected against certain uses.