Final answer:
Spreading activation argues against a hierarchical model of memory and changes based on cognitive load. It describes the process by which activating one concept in a semantic network can ease the access and retrieval of related concepts, influenced by individual experiences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question concerns the theory of spreading activation and its implications for semantic networks in psychology. Spreading activation is the process by which activating a concept in a person’s semantic memory can lead to the activation of related concepts, making them easier to access. This theory challenges a hierarchical organization of memory because it suggests that concepts are not retrieved in a top-down fashion but are accessed through a network of associations that are influenced by individual experiences and cognitive factors. Accordingly, the correct answer to the question would be:
A) Argues against a hierarchical model; changes based on cognitive load
This is because spreading activation suggests that when a concept is activated, related concepts are also activated to some degree, forming a non-hierarchical network of associations that can vary from person to person based on their individual experiences and knowledge structures. The concept of cognitive load is relevant as it refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory, which can affect how easily additional information can be accessed and how associations spread within a person's cognitive system.