Question

What activates the unfolded protein response? What are 3 reasons it might occur?

A) Oxidative stress; ER calcium depletion, viral infection, nutrient deprivation
B) Heat shock; mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, lipid imbalance
C) Membrane fluidity; protein overexpression, Golgi dysfunction, pH imbalance
D) Cytoskeletal rearrangement; ribosomal stalling, lysosomal dysfunction, extracellular matrix disruption

Answer 1

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in response to stressors that lead to protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Three reasons for UPR activation are oxidative stress, ER calcium depletion, and viral infection.

Step-by-step explanation:

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in response to various cellular stressors that lead to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These stressors include oxidative stress, ER calcium depletion, viral infection, and nutrient deprivation.

There are three main reasons why the UPR might occur:

1. Oxidative stress: Oxidative stress can disrupt protein folding in the ER, leading to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and activation of the UPR.
2. ER calcium depletion: Calcium is essential for proper protein folding in the ER. When calcium levels are depleted, protein folding is impaired, leading to UPR activation.
3. Viral infection: Viruses can hijack the host cell's machinery and cause an overload of protein production, leading to protein misfolding and UPR activation.