Final answer:
Lipid-anchored proteins stay at the membrane through hydrophobic interactions, while peripheral membrane proteins associate with the membrane surface through non-covalent binding and electrostatic interactions. The correct answer is B) Hydrophobic Interactions; Non-covalent Binding.
Step-by-step explanation:
The way lipid-anchored and peripheral membrane proteins associate with the cell membrane varies based on their structures and interactions with membrane components. Lipid-anchored proteins remain attached to the membrane through hydrophobic interactions; they often have a hydrophobic domain that embeds into the fatty acid layer of the cell membrane.
Conversely, peripheral membrane proteins are not embedded within the lipid bilayer but are associated with the membrane's surface primarily through non-covalent binding, such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with the polar head groups of phospholipids, or with other membrane proteins.
Considering the provided options for how these proteins associate with the membrane, the answer would be B) Hydrophobic Interactions; Non-covalent Binding.