Final answer:
Magnification is the ratio of image height to object height. Refraction is the changing of a light ray's direction when it passes through variations in matter. Resolution refers to the level of detail that can be seen in an image.
Step-by-step explanation:
Magnification: Magnification is the ratio of image height to object height. It refers to the ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object compared to the real object. For example, a magnification of 10x means the image appears 10 times larger than the object itself.
Refraction: Refraction is the changing of a light ray's direction when it passes through variations in matter. It is responsible for phenomena like the bending of light when it passes from air to water or the formation of rainbows.
Resolution: Resolution refers to the level of detail that can be seen in an image. It is the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects. Factors that affect resolution include the wavelength of light and the numerical aperture of the lens.
Contrast: Contrast is the difference in brightness between different parts of an image. It helps to distinguish objects from their background or other objects in the image.