Final answer:
The outward flow of fast-moving charged particles from the Sun is called the solar wind, which originates from coronal holes in the solar corona and was discovered through its effects on comet tails.
Step-by-step explanation:
An outward flow of fast-moving charged particles from the Sun is known as the solar wind. The solar wind emerges predominantly from coronal holes in the solar corona, where magnetic field lines extend far out into space, allowing gases to flow freely into the solar system. These charged particles are mainly protons and electrons, traveling at a speed of about 400 kilometers per second, which is nearly 1 million miles per hour. This wind was discovered by observing its effects on the charged tails of comets. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are different phenomena; a solar flare is a burst of electromagnetic radiation, and a CME is an expulsion of a large quantity of coronal material at high speeds. The photosphere, on the other hand, is the visible surface of the Sun and not related to the flow of charged particles. An outward flow of fast-moving charged particles from the Sun is referred to as the solar wind. The solar wind consists mainly of electrons and protons that are ejected from the outer layer of the Sun, known as the solar corona. It continuously streams outward into the solar system, affecting planetary atmospheres, magnetic fields, and even the tails of comets. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections are other solar phenomena but are distinct events involving more intense bursts of energy and material from the Sun. The photosphere, on the other hand, is the visible surface of the Sun.