Final answer:
Ketones and aldehydes are the two groups that can react with NaBH4, EtOH and H3O+. NaBH4 is a mild reducing agent that reduces these groups to alcohols, while H3O+ can hydrate them to form geminal diols.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the reactivity series of different functional groups in organic compounds and their ability to react with certain reagents. The two groups that can react with NaBH4, EtOH and H3O+ are c. Ketones and d. Aldehydes.
NaBH4, EtOH (sodium borohydride in ethanol) is a mild reducing agent that selectively reduces ketones and aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols. It cannot reduce the other functional groups listed, such as acid chlorides (a), acid anhydrides (b), and esters (f) which require stronger reducing agents. H3O+ (hydronium ion) can catalyze the hydration of ketones and aldehydes to form geminal diols (hydrates), but typically this reaction is reversible and not commonly used to isolate the diols.
Compounds such as e. Alcohols do not undergo reduction by NaBH4 as they are already in a reduced form, though they can participate in other reactions such as oxidation or esterification.