Final answer:
Classes of motives in psychology include instinctual motives, primary motives, secondary motives, and non-hierarchical motives, which explain the various drivers of human behavior beyond structured hierarchies like Maslow's pyramid of needs.
Step-by-step explanation:
Additional Classes of Motives
The study of motivation in psychology can encompass different types of motives beyond Abraham Maslow's well-known hierarchy of needs. These include:
- Instinctual motives: These refer to the species-specific patterns of behavior that are unlearned, as proposed by William James. Examples include an infant's innate behavior to root for a nipple and suck.
- Primary motives: These are needs that are essential for survival, such as hunger and thirst.
- Secondary motives: These motives are not essential for survival but are learned through an individual's experiences, such as the drive for success or power.
- Non-hierarchical motives: Motives that do not fit within a hierarchy, or structured order, and may exist independently or parallel to other motivational factors.
Understanding these classes of motives adds depth to the comprehension of human behavior, highlighting that different factors can influence actions outside of a structured hierarchy like Maslow's pyramid of needs.