Question

Which of the following is true regarding levels of processing?

a) copying notes word for word is an example of an acoustic level of processing, leading to poor memory.
b) increased memory for information encoded at a deeper level can be explained because it requires less effort.
c) the levels of processing model stresses the importance of effortful processing for better memory performance while the multi-store model does not.
d) according to levels of processing, memory is typically better for physical rather than acoustic level items.

Answer 1

Option 'c' is true; the levels of processing model highlights the importance of effortful, deeper processing for improved memory, unlike the multi-store model.

Step-by-step explanation:

Regarding the levels of processing, option 'c) the levels of processing model stresses the importance of effortful processing for better memory performance while the multi-store model does not' is true. The levels of processing framework, as theorized by Craik and Lockhart in 1972, argues that memory recall is better when information is processed at a deeper, more meaningful level (semantic encoding) rather than on superficial levels such as visual encoding (the appearance of the words) or acoustic encoding (the sound of the words). Semantic encoding, which includes elaborative rehearsal, leads to better memory performance because it connects new information with existing knowledge, making it more meaningful and easier to recall. This process requires more effort and attention than the shallow processing of visual or acoustic cues.