Final answer:
In golf, a hole has not started if a stroke is made from outside the teeing area, and a stroke cancelled under a rule also does not count as starting the hole. The correct starting of a hole requires a stroke from within the teeing area without penalties.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the rules of golf, specifically whether a hole is considered to have started if a stroke is made from outside the teeing area, or if the stroke was cancelled under a rule. According to Rule 6.1b of the Rules of Golf, a hole is considered to have started when a player makes a stroke from inside the teeing area. If the player accidentally makes a stroke from outside the teeing area, they must correct that mistake by playing a ball from inside the teeing area, and they incur a penalty. However, if a stroke is cancelled under a rule, the hole has not started, and the player must then make a stroke from inside the teeing area to start the hole without penalty.
Therefore, the correct answer to whether a hole has started despite a stroke made from outside the teeing area or a stroke cancelled under a rule is: b) No.