Final answer:
To combat the bystander effect, an individual should call out a specific person in a crowd during an emergency to help, which clarifies responsibility and encourages action.
Step-by-step explanation:
To avoid the diffusion of responsibility in an emergency, an individual should perform certain actions to help bystanders act appropriately. A key strategy is to call out one specific person in the crowd to assist them in deciding if the situation is an emergency. This action helps overcome the bystander effect, which occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation. By identifying a specific person, you make it their responsibility to act, which can prompt them to take action instead of assuming someone else will step in.
For example, in the case where someone is having a seizure, instead of shouting for help in general, point to a specific person and ask them to call 911 or to help in another specific way. This makes it clear to the chosen individual that they have been tasked with the responsibility to act, reducing the likelihood that everyone in the group will assume that someone else will take care of the situation.
The correct answer to the question is c) call out one specific person in the crowd to help, thereby assisting them in deciding if the situation is an emergency and compelling them to take action in a situation where diffusion of responsibility might otherwise prevent effective intervention.