Final answer:
Negative schemas are likely related to beliefs that are dysfunctional and lead to less satisfaction in a partner. Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort arising from inconsistencies between behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs and a person's self-image. Changing behaviors or cognitions can alleviate cognitive dissonance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Beliefs that are dysfunctional and lead to less satisfaction in a partner are likely related to negative schemas. Negative schemas encompass the underlying and often unconscious negative beliefs that people hold about themselves, others, or the world. These schemas influence how individuals interpret their experiences, and in the context of a relationship, can lead to dissatisfaction.
Cognitive dissonance refers to the psychological discomfort that arises when there's a conflict between a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that run counter to their positive self-perception. For example, if someone believes that smoking is harmful but continues to smoke, they may experience cognitive dissonance. This dissonance can be alleviated by changing the discordant behavior or cognition, such as quitting smoking or rationalizing the behavior by underestimating the health risks.
The other options provided in the question (Positive affirmations, Rational thinking) do not generally lead to dysfunctional beliefs or dissatisfaction in relationships. On the contrary, these concepts can help in alleviating negative thoughts and improving overall psychological well-being.