Final answer:
Observational studies, often used in sociology, rely on empirical evidence from direct, tangible observations. These can be qualitative or quantitative and require methods that fit the study's context while ensuring accuracy and ethical standards.
Step-by-step explanation:
Researchers utilize various observation techniques to gather empirical evidence to support their studies. In the context of assessing crime in an area by measuring tangible elements like the amount of graffiti on buildings, researchers are conducting an observational study. This is a type of nonexperimental scientific investigation where the researcher measures characteristics in a sample without attempting to manipulate the variables of interest. Such studies are grounded in empirical evidence, which is derived from direct observations and scientifically gathered data, providing objective, tangible evidence that can be observed repeatedly, regardless of who is observing.
Observational studies can be either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative observations describe properties or occurrences without relying on numbers, providing a context-rich perspective. For example, noting the quality and intensity of graffiti may offer insights into social issues such as gang presence or public unrest. Researchers select observation methods based on what will best suit their study topic, with the goal of producing accurate and reliable data. This often involves using tools and measures to increase the preciseness of the observations.
In instances where making the presence of the researcher invisible is not possible, such as in studies of prison behavior, early education, or secretive organizations, researchers may have to rely on alternative methods like surveys or in-depth case studies. This adherence to ethical standards ensures the protection of research participants or subjects and the integrity of the research results.