Final answer:
Social cognitive theory posits that cultural factors and socialization impact gender differences in aggression. Boys and girls are socialized differently, which shapes their expression of aggression. Sociobiology also suggests evolutionary roles that contribute to these gender-specific behaviors.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to social cognitive theory, the gender difference in aggression can be understood by analyzing how cultural factors and socialization influence behaviors. Social cognitive theory suggests that individuals learn behaviors, including aggressive actions, by observing others within their culture and environment. As Carol Ember's study in Kenya demonstrates, when boys partake in activities traditionally done by girls, such as childcare and housework, they show up to 60% less aggression. This supports the notion that cultural expectations and role learning, which begin at birth, contribute to shaping gender-specific behaviors. Boys are traditionally socialized to exhibit strength, dominance, and direct aggression, whereas girls are encouraged towards nurturing roles and may express aggression in more indirect ways, such as spreading rumors or excluding others.
Moreover, societal reinforcement plays a crucial role in these behaviors, as boys and girls receive different feedback from parents and teachers. Toys and activities that promote aggressive play for boys, and nurturing behaviors for girls, further reinforce these gender norms, illustrating how cultural influences and social learning impact aggressive behaviors differently across genders. Sociobiologists also contribute to this dialogue, suggesting that gender-related behaviors, including aggression, have evolved from our ancestors' roles and survival strategies, with men being the hunters and women the caregivers.