Final answer:
Increased secretion of epinephrine results in 'd. increased heart rate and force of contraction', part of the fight or flight response. It causes vasoconstriction in the kidneys and vasodilation in essential organs, preparing the body for immediate action.
Step-by-step explanation:
The result of increased secretion of epinephrine is typically an increase in heart rate and force of contraction, among other physiological changes. Epinephrine, released by the adrenal medulla during stress, triggers a fight or flight response. This hormone acts on various parts of the body to prepare it for immediate physical action. In particular, epinephrine causes vasoconstriction in less vital organs, like the kidneys, and vasodilation in muscles and other critical areas to increase blood flow where needed most. Additionally, epinephrine triggers the conversion of glycogen to glucose for immediate energy, increases respiration, and decreases digestion.
When it comes to the vasoconstriction effect, epinephrine specifically causes the constriction of the afferent arterioles in the kidneys, which diminishes blood flow and reduces glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This process helps redirect blood flow to more essential organs during an acute stress response.
Thus, the correct answer to the question "Which of the following is a result of increased secretion of epinephrine?" is 'd. increased heart rate and force of contraction'.