Final answer:
Yes, some conflicts of interest can be permissible if authorized by law. The necessary and proper clause of the Constitution expands, not limits, the power of the national government. Lobbyists are regulated by disclosure requirements and prohibitions on certain activities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Some conflicts of interest are indeed considered permissible when they are expressly authorized by applicable law. This essentially means that if there's a specific law or regulation that acknowledges a potential conflict and provides a pathway for its management or acceptance, such a conflict may not be seen as inappropriate or unethical. However, most conflicts of interest are subject to rigorous scrutiny and are often prohibited to preserve integrity and prevent corruption.
The Constitution's necessary and proper clause has actually expanded the power of the national government rather than limited it. This means that the correct answer to the statement about the necessary and proper clause is B. FALSE, as the clause grants Congress the authority to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for executing its powers.
As for lobbyists, they are regulated in several ways. They must disclose their activities and are prohibited from undertaking certain activities. The law ensures transparency and prevents undue influence on lawmakers. Violations can lead to serious consequences, including prison sentences for lobbyists and lawmakers.