Final answer:
Option (A), The statement that the leeward slope of a mountain experiences dry conditions is true, due to the rain shadow effect. As moist air rises over a mountain, it loses moisture on the windward side, leading to dry conditions on the leeward side.
Step-by-step explanation:
The leeward slope of a mountain experiences dry conditions. This statement is true.
The phenomenon responsible for this is known as the rain shadow effect. When moist air from the ocean encounters a mountain range, it rises and as it does so, it cools down. The cooling air causes water vapor to condense and fall as precipitation on the windward side of the mountain. By the time the air reaches the leeward side of the mountain, it has lost much of its moisture, resulting in drier conditions.
Examples of the rain shadow effect can be seen in various parts of the world, including the western United States and the Hawaiian island of Kauai, where the windward side receives large amounts of rain while the leeward side remains semi-arid or arid. The Great Plains of the United States also illustrate this effect, where regions east of the mountains have significantly less precipitation and a type B climate.