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Drugs of abuse include all of the following EXCEPT?

1) phenobarbital
2) cannabinoids
3) crack and ice
4) amphetamines

1 Answer

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Final answer:

All the options listed, including phenobarbital, cannabinoids, crack and ice, and amphetamines, are drugs of abuse because they possess psychoactive properties and potential for misuse and addiction.

Step-by-step explanation:

Drugs of abuse include substances that are often used for their psychoactive effects and have potential for misuse and addiction. The listed options: phenobarbital, cannabinoids, crack and ice (common names for cocaine and methamphetamine, respectively), and amphetamines, all have abuse potential. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate with sedative and hypnotic properties, cannabinoids such as those found in cannabis affect various neural systems, crack and ice are potent stimulants that affect dopamine neurotransmission, and amphetamines, which include drugs like methamphetamine, also stimulate the release of dopamine, leading to their abuse. Therefore, none of the listed options are exceptions as they all represent drugs of abuse.

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