Final answer:
The First Amendment protects various types of speech including political discourse and symbolic speech, but not when it incites violence, presents a clear and present danger, or constitutes 'fighting words' or true threats.
Step-by-step explanation:
What Kind of Speech Does the First Amendment Protect?
The First Amendment of the United States Constitution is foundational to the protection of freedoms of speech, press, and religion. It upholds the right to express ideas openly and freely, especially those that may be controversial or unpopular. The Supreme Court has emphasized the importance of 'uninhibited, robust, and wide-open' discussion in public spaces.
This First Amendment protection includes controversial views and symbolic speech, though it is not absolute. Certain types of speech such as incitement of criminal acts, 'fighting words', and true threats do not receive protection. Furthermore, symbolic actions like cross burnings may also have limitations, especially if they contradict local laws or result in criminal offenses.
That being said, it is important to note that freedom of expression is crucial in a democratic society but is met with a balance of legal restrictions that maintain order and protect the public. High-profile cases like Schenck v. United States and Gitlow v. New York have helped shape the understanding that while speech is protected, it should not pose a 'clear and present danger' to society or the country's stability.