Final answer:
The foregut, midgut, and hindgut receive extrinsic innervation from the autonomic nervous system and have a specific arterial supply, like the superior mesenteric artery for the midgut. The parasympathetic nervous system generally increases and the sympathetic nervous system generally decreases gastrointestinal activity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The foregut, midgut, and hindgut are parts of the alimentary canal in vertebrates, and they have distinct differences in terms of arterial supply, parasympathetic innervation, sympathetic innervation, sensory innervation, and patterns of referred pain. The superior mesenteric artery is the main arterial supply to the midgut, including the small intestine. The autonomic nervous system provides extrinsic innervation to the alimentary canal, with the parasympathetic nervous system enhancing GI secretion and motility and the sympathetic nervous system generally reducing those functions. The small intestine's intrinsic innervation is supplied by the enteric nervous system, which regulates digestive functions independent of the central nervous system.