Final answer:
Increased Total Lung Capacity (TLC), increased Functional Residual Capacity (FRC), decreased FEV1/FVC ratio, and increased Diffusing Capacity (DLCO) are typically indicative of obstructive lung diseases, leading to increased airway resistance and lung compliance due to the elasticity or ability to stretch of the lungs. Option 3 is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question concerns the pulmonary function tests (PFTs) that measure lung volume, capacity, and gas exchange. These tests include Total Lung Capacity (TLC), Functional Residual Capacity (FRC), Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), and Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO).
An increase in TLC and FRC typically indicates hyperinflation of the lungs, as seen in obstructive lung diseases like emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This can lead to increased lung compliance, which is the lung's elasticity or ability to stretch.
A decreased FEV1/FVC ratio suggests obstruction in the airways, as this ratio measures the proportion of the lung’s vital capacity that can be expelled in the first second of a forced exhale. In obstructive diseases, exhalation is slowed down by the resistance, resulting in a lower FEV1/FVC ratio.
An increased DLCO may occur in conditions such as asthma or pulmonary hemorrhage, where the blood has a higher-than-normal capacity to take up oxygen due to increased lung capillary blood volume or pulmonary capillary blood flow.
Therefore, the effects of increased TLC, increased FRC, decreased FEV1/FVC, and increased DLCO would most likely be indicative of increased airway resistance in obstructive lung diseases.