Final answer:
Cyanide poisoning is characterized by symptoms such as headache, dizziness, rapid heart rate, nausea, and vomiting, followed by confusion and seizures. It affects cellular respiration by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, leading to histotoxic hypoxia. Immediate medical treatment is necessary for those affected.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cyanide poisoning occurs due to exposure to cyanide compounds, which can happen via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption. The symptoms of cyanide poisoning include a range of effects due to the disruption of cellular respiration. Initial symptoms often encompass headache, dizziness, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, and nausea and vomiting. As poisoning progresses, affected individuals may experience confusion, seizures, a slow heart rate, and a low blood pressure. In severe cases, seizures precede death, and signs like possible cherry-red skin or cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen) may appear. The condition interferes with the electron transport chain, particularly inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), leading to histotoxic hypoxia and preventing cells from using oxygen effectively.
For cases of cyanide poisoning, immediate medical intervention is critical. The United States standard antidote kit includes treatment with inhaled amyl nitrite, intravenous sodium nitrite, and intravenous sodium thiosulfate. Newer treatments also involve hydroxocobalamin, found in Cyanokit antidote kits, and the investigational Sulfanegen TEA, which helps convert cyanide into the less harmful substance thiocyanate.