Final answer:
Treatment for osteopenia is generally indicated when the 10-year risk of a major fracture is 20%. Prevention of osteoporosis, which osteopenia can progress into, is crucial and involves maintaining a healthy lifestyle with appropriate nutrition and weight-bearing exercise.
Step-by-step explanation:
Treatment for osteopenia is indicated when the 10-year risk of a major fracture reaches 20. Osteopenia is considered a midpoint between having healthy bones and having osteoporosis. It is characterized by bone density that is lower than normal peak density but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. The decision to treat osteopenia is based on an individual’s risk of fracture, which can be estimated using a tool such as the FRAX score. This tool helps to calculate the 10-year likelihood of a fracture.
Risk factors for osteoporosis, which increases the likelihood of fractures, include older age, female sex, having a family history of osteoporosis, and lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, and lack of exercise. Starting prevention early, with a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D and regular weight-bearing exercises, can be beneficial in increasing bone mass and reducing the risk of developing osteopenia and osteoporosis later in life.