Final answer:
The humerus is the bone that, if damaged, can affect voluntary movement, sensation, and blood supply to the upper extremity due to its integral role in the shoulder's anatomy and its proximity to essential nerves and blood vessels.
Step-by-step explanation:
In anatomy, if something provides voluntary movement, sensation, and proper blood supply to the upper extremity, and is connected to the scapula to make the glenohumeral (GH) joint, then the humerus is likely the structure being described. Damage to the humerus can affect these functions and result in impairment in the associated region. The humerus articulates with the scapula to form the GH joint, which allows for a wide range of motion in the arm. Moreover, the humerus is surrounded by muscles and nerves that contribute to movement and sensation. A fracture, especially in the region where these nerves run, such as a distal humerus fracture, could compromise these nerves and result in a loss of movement or sensation in the upper extremity as well as disrupt blood supply, causing potential ischemia and muscle damage.