Final answer:
The two categories of anti-inflammatory agents used in ophthalmology are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen, and steroids like cortisol. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandins to reduce pain and inflammation, while steroids suppress the overall inflammatory response.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two categories of anti-inflammatory agents used in ophthalmology are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids. NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis which plays a key role in inflammation and pain. They are often available over the counter and can relieve various minor aches and pains. On the other hand, steroids like cortisol help control autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by reducing the body's inflammatory response.
NSAIDs act by interfering with the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, thus reducing the production of prostaglandins. Aspirin, for example, deactivates the COX enzyme by transferring an acetyl group, whereas ibuprofen and naproxen simply bind with the enzyme. Care must be taken when using NSAIDs due to potential side effects, such as gastrointestinal or kidney damage. Steroids, when used in anti-inflammatory therapy, can have side effects including disrupting normal immune function which might be undesirable.