Final answer:
The causative agent of the pneumonia that causes permanent lung damage, may be nosocomial and has a high mortality if untreated is S. pneumoniae.
Step-by-step explanation:
The causative agent of the pneumonia that causes permanent lung damage, may be nosocomial and has a high mortality if untreated is S. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and S. aureus may also cause pneumonia but are not specifically mentioned to cause permanent lung damage and have a high mortality if untreated like S. pneumoniae does.