Final answer:
It is true that intravenous administration can provide much higher effective drug concentrations than oral or intramuscular methods. Isotonic solutions are used for fluid replacement to prevent cell damage. Drug dosage, side effects, and the appropriateness of administration routes are critical in patient treatment considerations. so, option 1 is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
It is true that medications administered intravenously can provide much higher effective concentrations than other delivery methods. When drugs are administered intravenously, the plasma levels achieved are often substantially higher than levels achieved by oral or intramuscular administration. This rapid increase in plasma concentration is crucial, especially when treating severe infections or conditions that require the drug's immediate effect. This instantaneous peak is because the drug bypasses the digestive system and avoids first-pass metabolism, which can significantly reduce the active concentration of the drug.
Regarding fluid replacement, dehydrated human patients are often given isotonic solutions such as normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution intravenously. These solutions are isotonic to the body's cells, preventing the cells from swelling or shrinking, which could lead to cellular damage or function loss.
When determining the dosage of a drug, factors to consider include the drug's therapeutic index, patient's age, weight, liver and kidney function, and the presence of other medications that might interact with the drug. Side effects of drugs can vary widely but commonly include nausea, dizziness, rash, and drowsiness. Contributing factors to side effects include drug dosage, duration of treatment, patient's overall health, age, and any concurrent medical conditions or treatments.
For home administration of a systemic antimicrobial infection treatment, oral administration is often preferred for its convenience, unless the patient is unable to take oral medications or the medication has poor GI absorption, in which case intramuscular or another parenteral route might be considered.
If a doctor administers what is believed to be an isotonic saline solution, and an autopsy reveals burst red blood cells, it indicates that the solution was not actually isotonic. Burst red blood cells suggest that the solution was hypotonic, leading to osmotic swelling and lysis of the cells. Thus, the solution would be falsely labeled isotonic.