Final answer:
Atracurium is known to cause clinically significant histamine release causing symptoms such as itchiness and airway constriction. Histamine is released by mast cells upon irritation, and epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic reactions like anaphylactic shock.
Step-by-step explanation:
Clinically significant histamine release has been associated with the use of certain neuromuscular blocking agents during anesthesia. Among the options given, d. atracurium is known to cause histamine release, which can lead to symptoms such as itchiness, airway constriction, and possibly a more severe allergic response.
It is important to understand the mechanism of histamine release to prevent potential adverse reactions in patients. When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, it releases b. histamine, which can induce an allergic response. Therefore, drugs like atracurium that can cause the release of histamine are closely monitored during medical procedures.
Additionally, in cases of anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction, a. epinephrine is commonly used to counteract the effects. Epinephrine works by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system to counteract the effects of histamine.