Final answer:
Medical direction, local protocols, and federal law determine the validity of 'cease resuscitation' orders.
Step-by-step explanation:
The valid issuance of a 'cease resuscitation' order is determined by medical direction, local protocols, and federal law.
Medical direction refers to the medical authorities responsible for making decisions regarding resuscitation orders based on medical guidelines and best practices.
Local protocols are established by healthcare institutions or regions and specify the processes and criteria for issuing 'cease resuscitation' orders.
Federal law also plays a role in determining the legality and requirements of 'cease resuscitation' orders.