Final answer:
The administration of sanctions against a criminal defendant is carried out by the correctional system and, in cases of deportation, immigration authorities. Judges determine the sentence while correctional agencies enforce it. Appeal processes may involve higher courts like appellate or state supreme courts.
Step-by-step explanation:
Administration of sanctions against a criminal defendant, once handed down by the court, is typically the responsibility of various entities within the criminal justice system, depending on the nature of the punishment. If a defendant is found guilty, the court, usually represented by a judge, will determine an appropriate sentence based on the law and the specifics of the case. Enforcement of sentences such as imprisonment, probation, or fines is then managed by the correctional system, which includes prisons, probation departments, and for financial penalties, sometimes the court clerk or a related governmental financial office. For more serious offenses that could result in the death penalty, the jury may decide whether the defendant should face capital punishment or life imprisonment. However, actual enforcement of execution orders is also managed by the correctional system of the respective state or the federal government. For cases with the possibility of deportation, deportation proceedings are handled by immigration authorities following the court's judgment.
In some cases, a sentence can be appealed, and a higher court, such as a special appellate court or the state supreme court, may be responsible for reviewing and potentially altering the administration of sanctions. In the federal system, the sentencing process is often guided by specific guidelines that assign point values to different offenses and case facts. Additionally, according to Strickland v. Washington, the effectiveness of counsel can influence the outcome of a trial, potentially affecting the sanctions imposed.