Final answer:
The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is the one that establishes liability for illegal search and seizure. It is designed to protect individuals' privacy and possession against unwarranted government intrusion and sets out requirements for obtaining a search warrant based on probable cause.
Step-by-step explanation:
The constitutional amendment that establishes liability for illegal search and seizure is the Fourth Amendment. This amendment explicitly states, "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." It prohibits the government from conducting unreasonable searches or seizures and requires officials to obtain a court order or warrant based on probable cause before conducting a search or seizure. Landmark Supreme Court cases such as Mapp v. Ohio and Katz v. United States have reinforced that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible in court and that the amendment protects places where an individual has a 'reasonable expectation of privacy.' In school settings, the Fourth Amendment still applies, but under different circumstances, as seen in the case New Jersey v. T.L.O., where the Supreme Court ruled that the search conducted by school officials was not a violation of the student's Fourth Amendment rights.