Final answer:
The tongue is rich in papillae for taste and touch and is controlled by muscles vital for speech, swallowing, and testing neurological function. Salivary glands within and around the oral cavity produce saliva for oral health and digestion. Ankyloglossia is a condition that can impair tongue function and require surgical intervention.
Step-by-step explanation:
The tongue is a complex muscular organ that is covered with a mucous membrane and studded with lingual papillae. These papillae include fungiform papillae, which contain taste buds, and filiform papillae, with touch receptors that help maneuver food in the mouth and have an abrasive surface akin to a cat's tongue. Underneath the mucous membrane, intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscles control the tongue's movements, which include the ability to stick the tongue out. This action is often tested during a medical exam to assess the function of the hypoglossal nerve, which, barring impairment, allows for the symmetrical protrusion of the tongue. The lingual glands secrete mucus and lingual lipase, aiding in the digestive process. Moreover, the tongue's flexibility, provided by the muscles, greatly contributes to speech and swallowing. In cases of ankyloglossia or 'tongue-tie', the lingual frenulum is abnormally short, potentially impacting speech and necessitating surgical correction.
The salivary glands play a vital role in oral health and digestion, secreting 1 to 1.5 liters of saliva daily. These glands, which include a range of minor glands within the mucous membranes and major pairs like the submandibular glands, produce saliva to moisten the mouth, aid in digestion, and keep oral tissues healthy.