Final answer:
The Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman empires shared similarities in their use of gunpowder military technology and centralized state systems that coordinated resources to strengthen the military and support cultural advancements.
Step-by-step explanation:
Identifying two similarities between the Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman empires, we see that firstly, all three empires heavily integrated the use of gunpowder in military technology, which significantly enhanced their military capabilities. The Mughals in India, for example, effectively used guns combined with a rapidly moving cavalry, while the Ottomans employed artillery during the siege of Constantinople in 1453.
Secondly, these empires shared a system where the entire state was viewed as part of the military force, allowing for centralized coordination of political, economic, and cultural resources to strengthen the army and maintain security. This central coordination also enabled them to rapidly develop and deploy military technologies.
Both of these factors contributed to the empires' stability and their ability to create and support prolific artistic and cultural environments, which are celebrated to this day. These features garnered the admiration and fear of contemporary European, African, and Asian states.