Final answer:
The use of steel-frame construction and the elevator enabled the creation of skyscrapers (option c), a revolutionary type of architecture that transformed urban landscapes by allowing buildings to reach unprecedented heights.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Architectural Revolution Led by Steel-frame Construction and the Elevator
The use of steel-frame construction and the elevator made possible the type of architecture known as the skyscraper. Early skyscrapers emerged in Chicago during the 1880s, where commercial office functions were concentrated within the limited space of the downtown area. Innovations in engineering such as safety elevators and steel-frames allowed buildings to stretch across massive city blocks and reach heights that were previously unimaginable with brick construction - typically limited to 10 to 12 stories.
In 1889, the creation of the electric elevator by the Otis Elevator Company revolutionized building heights, sparking what is known as the skyscraper craze. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, completed in 1885, is often cited as the first modern skyscraper. It utilized new steel construction techniques alongside the critical innovation of the elevator to make taller buildings practical and desirable. In the following years, New York and other cities saw the rise of even more monumental skyscrapers, shaping the iconic urban landscapes that we recognize today.
The progression of architecture during the Industrial Revolution was marked by the use of industrially produced materials such as iron, steel, and plate glass. This new era of construction emphasized structural frames, clean lines, and less ornamentation, showcasing a modernist aesthetic that focused on the skeletal strength provided by steel and the expansive potential of flat glass surfaces. Skyscrapers became symbols of economic power and technological advancement, changing the face of cities around the world.